Pharyngeal phase – involuntary, movement of the bolus from the oropharynx into the esophagus.Oral phase – voluntary, movement of the bolus from the oral cavity into the oropharynx.This complex process of swallowing involves the coordination of 22 different muscle groups, involving the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus. Contraction happens before the bolus to propel it on, while muscle after the bolus relaxes to allow to bolus room to pass. Food is propelled in this direction by peristalsis, or peristaltic contractions these are alternating involuntary contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle surrounding the digestive tract. Once food is swallowed, from the mouth it moves into the oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and then passes into the esophagus and into the stomach. The food bolus is soft enough that it can easily be swallowed and propelled through the alimentary canal. Food is first ingested into the mouth and then broken down in the mouth by chewing, or mastication, tongue movements, saliva, and teeth grinding until it becomes a bolus, a soft mass. The process of swallowing is an essential part of the digestive process.
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